A decade of crossbreeding
This is how Chen Yu-ju, the researcher behind the development of both “Red Treasure” and “Red Jade,” sums up the ultimate goal of adzuki breeding: “To attain a prettier color and a fatter bean.”
Chen says that bright red is adzuki’s ideal color. In terms of weight, if 100 beans weigh 14 grams or less, then the variety is regarded as small; at 14.1–17 grams it is regarded as medium sized; at 17.1–20 it’s large; and at 20.1 and over it’s extra-large.
“From the start of breeding to release, the process of developing a new variety takes 10 years,” explains Chen. “The breeding has always taken so long because each year you only get one chance to plant in the fields—in the fall,” she explains. “What’s more, you’ve first got to do thorough research into a bean’s ancestors. You can’t overlook any detail of its genetic heritage, since the more you know about the ancestors, the more you can control the characteristics of the descendants.”
So what improvements have been made to adzuki bean varieties in Taiwan so far?
When one examines the evolution of adzuki beans in Taiwan, Kaoshiung No. 1, which was introduced in 1974, is the place to start. Its descendants include Kaohsiung Nos. 2, 3 and 5–10. Each is larger and brighter red than its predecessors.
It was just 38 years ago, in 1974, that the COA’s Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station introduced Kaohsiung No. 1. The variety was bright red, but had a significant flaw: It was small, with 100 of its beans weighing less than 14 grams.
What’s more, Kaohsiung No. 1 was highly susceptible to powdery mildew fungal disease. When afflicted, the leaves of adzuki plants become covered with a powdery white film that impedes photosynthesis, leading to stunted growth and lower yields.
Early in 1980 the Kaohsiung Station released Nos. 2 and 3 in rapid succession. But like No. 1, they had the flaws of being small and offering only low yields.
Kaohsiung No. 5, released in 1988, was the first variety that Chen worked on. It was crossbred from a Pingtung variety and Kaohsiung No. 1. It combines the steady yields of the former with the bright red coloration of the latter. The plants tend to grow taller and straighter than earlier varieties, and they aren’t easily toppled over. In comparison to earlier varieties, Kaoshiung No. 5 offers increased yields of 10–15%. The beans also have thinner skins. Their mouthfeel, moreover, is more refined, and they feature a stronger fragrance.
Pods of smooth red beans grow concealed in lush green adzuki fields.