From nameless to named
In 2016 National Taiwan University Press published Bunzo Hayata: The Making of Plantarum Formosanarum, written by Wu Yung-hwa, and in 2017 the TFRI invited Professor Emeritus Hideaki Ohba of the University of Tokyo to write Bunzo Hayata. The two books analyze Hayata from Taiwanese and Japanese perspectives.
Wu Yung-hwa has long studied Taiwan’s natural history. He says that after the Treaty of Tianjin opened Taiwan to foreign trade, Westerners who came here for trade or other reasons began collecting botanical samples, and at that time specimens from Taiwan were already reaching Britain’s Kew Gardens. However, “In the 19th century, Westerners could only reach about 1000 meters in altitude, about as high as the Yangming Mountains.” In 1895 Japan took over Taiwan and began to survey its resources. Although early on it was difficult to get into the mountains because of their height and resistance from indigenous peoples, they were safer to visit following a military campaign to suppress indigenous resistance that was completed in 1915. With their deep penetration into Taiwan’s mountain forests, Japanese researchers took the lead in naming the island’s flora and fauna.
Bunzo Hayata was born in 1874 in Japan’s Niigata Prefecture, and showed great interest in botany from a young age. When Hideaki Ohba came to Taiwan at the invitation of the TFRI, he shared the following story with readers: Hayata’s parents died when he was young, and he was poor. He made a living by working in a clothing shop, and had to bow his head to carry heavy loads, as a result of which he noticed the mosses on the ground and became interested in studying them.
Hayata first came to Taiwan in 1900, creating a lifelong link with this island. When he studied at Tokyo Imperial University, the school had already received a large number of specimens from Taiwan, and his teacher Jinzō Matsumura, who was a pioneer in the study of Taiwanese plants, guided Hayata to research this field. When the Taiwan Governor-General’s Office launched a survey of useful plants on the island, Hayata was hired to identify and classify Taiwanese flora.
At that time academic circles worldwide had a great thirst for knowledge of new species. The importance of naming was that “Hayata helped place the flora of Taiwan within the world botanical taxonomic system,” explains Tung Gene-sheng, chief of the Botanical Garden Division at the TFRI. Hayata included the names Formosa, Taiwan, or local place names in many plant names, thereby putting Taiwan on the map of world flora; in fact, “Taiwan” was one of the most alluring names in Western botanical circles at that time.
From 1911 to 1921, with the support of the Japanese Governor-General’s Office, Bunzo Hayata published his ten-volume work Icones Plantarum Formosanarum, written in English and Latin, which greatly helped to introduce Taiwanese plant life to the world.
Hayata named and published more than 1600 plant species from Taiwan, placing Taiwanese flora within the world botanical taxonomic system.
The type specimen of Taiwania cryptomerioides, named by Hayata and held by the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, is very precious.