Where's the beef?
Here in Taiwan, there has been a big influx of foreign spouses since the 1990s, but this has made no perceptible positive difference on the birthrate.
So far only 210,000 foreign immigrant women have had children in Taiwan. The birthrate among Vietnamese immigrant women is 1.5, but among women from mainland China it is only 0.9, which is even lower than the average rate of 1.2 children per Taiwanese woman.
Lin Wan-i notes that mainland Chinese spouses tend to be older than their Vietnamese counterparts. Moreover, having been exposed to China's one-child policy for many years, Chinese women are even less inclined to have children than Taiwanese women.
The carrots couples are offered to encourage them to have children are often empty promises. Like old-age annuity payments, child benefit criteria vary from place to place and from year to year, depending on local governments' financial resources. This year, for example, Hsinchu City--which can fairly be described as generous in this respect--offers a maternity bonus of NT$15,000 for the first child, NT$20,000 for the second, and NT$25,000 for the third and subsequent children. The Taipei City Government offers a NT$500 subsidy per semester to students at public elementary schools who are the third child or upward in their family.
Population policy has been much heralded over the years, but the various government agencies have yet to take a coherent approach. "In Taiwan there's no consensus on what to do about the low birthrate," admits Lin Wan-i. Related issues on which conclusions have yet to be agreed include whether to expand or reduce immigration and whether child and elderly care ought to be the responsibility of the state or of families. Thanks to Lin's efforts to coordinate discussion on these issues, the first steps toward a consensus are finally being taken this year. A population policy white paper is expected to be published next June.
Children of choice
In view of the steadily falling birthrate, in June of this year the government officially proposed a policy to slow this trend. According to Lin Wan-i, policies cannot change what people want but they can create an environment that benefits couples who have children and that lightens their burden.
What can be done to help couples realize their wish to have children? First of all, says Lin, there must be no workplace discrimination against them. The funds for parental leave compensation, which used to be paid by employers, will be taken from the Labor Insurance fund. This will effectively reduce the problem of women being pressured to quit their jobs as soon as they get pregnant.
In the past, few women availed themselves of the two-year unpaid parental leave before their child's third birthday because they were concerned about a loss of income. Therefore, parental leave existed in name only. In the future, subsidized parental leave funded out of the Labor Insurance program ought to encourage many more women to take it. In the case of low-income families, the government will also subsidize nursery and daycare fees for children up to the age of two.
In addition, every effort will be made to improve the quality of childcare, after-school care and similar services so that parents won't have to worry about all this.
Raising workforce quality will require starting with the foundation and working up from there. Five years from now every elementary school class will be down to 29 students, and soon thereafter public secondary schools will also have smaller classes. The long-term goal is to have 12 years of compulsory public education extending into senior high school. Lin Wan-i does not mince words: these incentive programs will cost taxpayers money, but they are a necessary investment in our nation's future strength.
In short, wanting or not wanting to have children is a matter of personal freedom, but wanting to have them but deciding not to out of fear is the responsibility of society as a whole. The goal of population policy ought to be to reduce apprehension and motivate people to give birth to the next generation.