Science in it, too:
Some festival traditions seem on the surface to be nothing more than voodoo. Hanging up artemisia and drinking realgar wine on the Dragon Boat Festival, for instance, arose as apotropaic practices to ward off evil spirits that the ancients believed were apt to prey on people and cause illness during a time they called "poison month."
Seen from today's perspective, the Dragon Boat Festival falls at the beginning of summer, when mosquitoes and other insects are rampant, when food is difficult to keep and when people are especially susceptible to disease, so it can serve as a reminder to practice summer hygiene.
After the Dragon Boat Festival comes the Tien Kuang Festival, which falls on the sixth day of the sixth lunar month, and is called "the day the emperor hangs out his robes" in Taiwan. Clothes and books aired out in the sun on that day are said to be protected from moths or worms, and dogs or cats washed then to be safe from fleas and diseases. Besides encouraging people to give winter clothes a good airing in the hot sun, the festival "implies care and concern among the common people for household animals -- a spirit of benevolence and humaneness," Juan says.
Taking a spring outing on the Ching Ming Festival or sunning out books and papers on Tien Kuang--the vestiges of traditional practices are still with us. Traditional festivals are not all obsolete old things unsuited for the times.
Wanted: an agent for holidays:
After rediscovering the contents and meaning of traditional festivals, what we need most is an "agent for holidays." Whether in the family, the community or the nation, holidays and festivals need change and variety. "That's what takes some thinking," Nan-fang Shuo says.
He cites an example off the top of his head: The Dragon Boat Festival is also called Poet's Day, so why not kick off a national poem-writing campaign involving the whole public, including children and even the president. Those with the training could write classical poems. The rest could write parodies. Young people could write free verse, and children could write nursery rhymes. Wouldn't it be fun!
In the 12th-century work Tung-ching Meng Hua Lu (The Eastern Capital: A Dream of Splendors Past) from the Sung Dynasty, it says that the emperor joined with the common people in riddle making to add to the festive atmosphere during the Lantern Festival. Or perhaps we could imitate the elegant custom of the Japanese in sipping wine while admiring cherry blossoms or follow the way Wang Hsi-chih of the Chin dynasty used to float cups of wine downstream for his guests when we observe the Dragon Boat Festival, because getting close to water is also a part of that festival.
We don't have to be too serious about redesigning festivals. "The main thing is to make it fun. It should be lively, with something to eat and drink, and something the general public can take part in, that maybe contains some uplifting or artistic value at the same time," Nan-fang Shuo says, encouraging all of us to come up with ideas for observing festivals.
An easy example is writing your own spring couplets for New Year's. You don't have to be too fussy about strict parallelism--just express what's in your heart. It's an excellent activity for the whole family. When the China Times newspaper held a "modern spring couplets" campaign last year, there were lots of fresh ideas and fine examples.
Country feeling in the city: At the 1990 Taipei Lantern Festival sponsored by the Tourism Bureau, the sculptor Yang Ying-feng used science and technology to add to the festive atmosphere by creating a giant stainless steel dragon that featured music, dry ice and a changing laser light show. The traditional lanterns at Lung Shan Temple in the city's Wanhua district likewise attracted thousands of visitors.
Participants in the festival weren't limited to Taipei. Besides students from all levels of the city's schools, there were also groups of performing folk artists from Lukang and illuminated floats sponsored by the tourist industry and temples around the island.
Bringing together people from different schools, walks of life and fields of interest is a new method of organizing festival activities. After all, the mobile urban population lacks the local cohesion of farming villages. Each village used to organize a team to compete in dragon boat races, for instance--now the teams are sponsored by clubs or corporations. Personal relations at work will represent an important part of modern festivals, Yu Teh-hui says. The traditional year-end company dinner (wei-ya) has become more and more common. In the West, Christmas celebrations have been extended to the workplace.
Cold and indifference: The ways they are celebrated may change, but festivals won't change in nature. Festivals weren't created by an individual. They are the common expression of the life experience of a people fostered over the centuries.
"Festivals are a kind of social memory," says Yeh Chi-cheng, a professor of sociology at National Taiwan University. Cohesion and identification depend on the shared memory of a common past, on people feeling they belong together like a family. When people lose their concern for the things they share in common, society naturally grows colder and more indifferent.
Two years ago in the suburb of Hsichih, which is wrapped in a swirl of dust from passing container trucks all day long, the Hsichih Traditional Arts Festival, based on two major aboriginal festivals--An Kung Sheng and the Ami Harvest Festival--was launched by Mayor Liao Hsueh-kuang. Many people harbored reservations about the festival at first and didn't think it would attract spontaneous identification among the populace.
Over the past two years, schoolchildren have been taught vanishing folk arts like Peikuan music and tiao-ku by elder practitioners. Parents who originally opposed the idea are now helping make costumes and actively taking part, and the festival continues to run twice a year. The trucks roar by all day long through the rest of the year. It's only during the arts festival that the people of Hsichih proudly invite out-of-towners over to have a look.
"Collective feelings don't have to be worked up to a pitch all the time," Yeh Chi-cheng points out. We can't celebrate holidays every day. The strength of festivals and holidays is hidden below the surface and awakened only on special days.
Festivals and holidays require shared memories to come about, but new ways of celebrating them can awaken or build up new memories. "Good festivals are a culture's lifeline," Nan-fang Shuo says.
Festivals are sometimes irrational. "They're a world of mystery created by the love of a people for their society," Yu Teh-jui remarks. The strength of a festival can't be measured only by its "utility."
It traditionally rains on the Chi Hsi Festival, the Chinese Valentine's Day, on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, because that's when the Weaver Girl weeps for having to part from the Cowherd Boy. And that's why you're supposed to make a little hole in the tang-yuan dumplings you eat that day. Why? To hold her tears!
Tradition is memory. The legends and customs of festivals and holidays may no longer seem fresh or interesting to adults, but with each detail they absorb, children join with their elders in acquiring part of a long collective memory.
[Picture Caption]
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Bowls of tang-yuan are set out as an offering after the winter solstice in anticipation of the new year.
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Nature comes back to life at the Ching Ming Festival, making it the perfect time for a spring outing. (photo by Lin Po-liang)
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Dragon boats are now mostly sponsored by corporations and organizations.
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Santa's coming to town--the department store windows are full of toys. Regardless of religion, Christmas has become the most exciting new holiday for young people.
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The Taipei Lantern Festival, sponsored by the R.O.C. Tourism Bureau, has become a popular attraction for tourists from both home and abroad. (photo by Diago Chiu)
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Presenting offerings to the ancestors and thanking them for the blessings they have conferred--taking part helps children acquire part of the collective memory.
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Tihua St. in Taipei is crowded with busy shoppers hurrying to stock up with holiday goodies. (photo by Pu Hua-chih)