When the tiger leaves the mountains
However, whether they betray a love-hate attitude or are contradictory and confused, the many different ways in which we refer to the tiger in fact all go to show how close a relationship the Chinese have with this animal.
In the section in Ku Chin Tu Shu Chi Cheng ("Completed Collection of Graphs and Writings of Ancient and Modern Times") which records Chinese people's relationships with animals, the poems and stories about tigers far outnumber those about any other creature.
"All the different emotions we feel towards the tiger have sprung from people's real-life contacts with tigers." Chien Sung-tsun notes that the rhinoceros, for example--another large animal which was once found in China--was hunted in the turbulent Warring States period for its skin, which was used for armor. With this pressure, combined with changing climate patterns, by the Han dynasty it had already disappeared from China. Today, apart from the medicinal use of rhinoceros horn powder and a few rhino horn artifacts which have been passed down from ancient times, any trace of the rhinoceros has long disappeared from Chinese people's lives.
It's just that today it is not only on the spiritual plane that the once revered tiger is "down from the mountain and at the mercy of dogs," wide open to fictionalization. In real life too, following in the rhino's footsteps, the tiger is on the verge of disappearing from China, its original home. From the South China tiger in the south to the Bengal tiger on the borders of China and India, and the Siberian tiger, throughout China there are less than 100 tigers in all. The animals are on the very brink of oblivion.
If the rhinoceros is anything to go by, if the tiger disappears, the Chinese cultural tradition of venerating the tiger will also sooner or later be broken. Even though the tiger beliefs which run deep in folk culture will not disappear easily, without the tiger, won't tiger culture, which will remain in form only, be lacking something?
[Picture Caption]
From a totem of old tribal society to a folk symbol to bring good fortune and drive out evil, the tiger is not only the fiercest animal in China's jungles--its images is found everywhere in Chinese people's lives. (picture at left courtesy of Weng Ching-huo)
As farmland expanded and hunting methods advanced, later generations viewed the tiger differently from earlier ones. On Shang dynasty bronzeware, the tiger always had an air of mystique: pictured at left is a Shang utensil decorated with the image of a tiger eating a man. In the Han dynasty fresco of a hunting party, at right, the tiger has become the quarry in the chase. (courtesy of National Palace Museum)
When Lungshan Temple in Wanhua celebrated its 250th birthday, this tiger float added to the excitement. (Sinorama file photo)
How will my luck be this year? Watch out for the white tiger gate--it's as dangerous as the gates of hell. (photo by Yang Wen-ching)
Is the tiger away from the mountains at the mercy of humans? Except in zoos, tigers today are seen almost only in pictures. Here we see a large "tiger" character identifying supporters of the San Shang Tigers professional baseball team at a game. (photo by Lily Huang)
In Taiwan's temples, the tiger is the commonest animal spirit by far. When the City God makes his inspection tour, the tiger spirit Huyeh plays a part in the procession. (photo by Hsueh Chi-kuang)
Painter Wu Hau's Festive Tiger is a lively, lucky, lovable folk art tiger. (courtesy of Wu Hau)
Buddhism brought the image of the lion into China, robbing the tiger of much of its glamour. But the tiger is still a powerful symbol to drive out evil. Pictured here is a "tiger" character stele on Tsaoling old military road. (photo by Chung Yung-ho)
Painter Wu Hau's Festive Tiger is a lively, lucky, lovable folk art tiger. (courtesy of Wu Hau)
Buddhism brought the image of the lion into China, robbing the tiger of much of its glamour. But the tiger is still a powerful symbol to drive out evil. Pictured here is a "tiger" character stele on Tsaoling old military road. (photo by Chung Yung-ho)