The royal headwear of the Ching dynasty, established by the Manchu in 1644, is different from the traditional Chinese style. Pictured left is the emperor's helmet used for reviewing troops. It was made of patent leather inlaid with gold, pearls and precious stones. Sable tassels, which were favored by the Manchu, adorn the crown. The helmet is decorated with Sanskrit characters, which, presumably are the text of the Sutras, and meant to ward off evil. Pictured right is a first-rank concubine's summer crown worn during times of celebration. It is made of gold braid with red tassels and a velvet fringe. In winter the velvet is replaced with sable. The golden phoenixes are all inlaid with pearls. The number of pearls denotes the rank of the concubine.